Again in J&Okay with fingers tied, Omar says vote for statehood, growth
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Structure, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Coverage, Rights Points, and many others.
Most important Examination: Basic Research II: Features and tasks of the Union and the States, points and challenges pertaining to the federal construction, devolution of powers and funds as much as native ranges and challenges therein.
What’s the continued story-On Tuesday, Omar secured decisive victories in each the central Kashmir constituencies — Budgam and Ganderbal — from the place he contested. The Nationwide Convention secured 42 of the 56 seats it contested, making it the only largest occasion on this election. A key issue that paid off for the occasion on this election has been its positioning because the prime opposition to the BJP in J&Okay, which was downgraded by the BJP-led Central authorities and became a Union Territory from a state in August 2019.
Know Fundamentals-
• Article 370 of the Indian Structure
• Article 35A of the Indian Structure
• Revocation of Article 370 and reorganisation of state
• Supreme Courtroom verdict on abrogation on Article 370
• The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
• Delimitation Fee for the delimitation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir
• Composition of Legislative Meeting of J&Okay
Key Factors to Ponder-
• Jammu and Kashmir Elections-what you realize thus far?
• What made this yr’s Jammu and Kashmir Meeting elections particular?
• “On condition that that is the primary election since 2019 when the constitutional compact of Jammu and Kashmir was altered by the abrogation of Article 370, the brand new Legislative Meeting might be considerably completely different from earlier Assemblies”-Elaborate
• ‘The constitutional adjustments of August 2019 took away the statehood of Jammu and Kashmir — thus, the brand new Meeting might be for a Union Territory (UT), not a state’-What powers will the brand new Meeting of Jammu and Kashmir have?
• The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 created two UTs, the UT of Ladakh and not using a legislature, and the UT of Jammu and Kashmir with a legislature¬-True or False?
• What are the powers of the J&Okay LG?
• What are the challenges of administration in Jammu & Kashmir?
• What has been the Impression of Article 370 Abrogation on Jammu & Kashmir elections?
For Your Info-
• The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 created two UTs — the UT of Ladakh and not using a legislature, and the UT of Jammu and Kashmir with a legislature. An modification was made to the First Schedule of the Structure, which lists all states and UTs, and to Article 3 of the Structure, which offers with the “Formation of recent States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of current States”.
• Article 239, which offers with the administration of Union Territories, states that “each union territory shall be administered by the President, appearing, to such extent as he thinks match, although an administrator…”.
• Part 13 of the 2019 Act states that Article 239A of the Structure (“Creation of native Legislatures or Council of Ministers or each for sure Union territories”), which supplies for the administration of the UT of Puducherry, shall additionally apply to the UT of Jammu and Kashmir.
• The Reorganisation Act of 2019 created a vastly completely different construction, during which the LG has a a lot larger position in contrast with the state Meeting. This may be understood from two key provisions.
First, Part 32 of the Act, which offers with the extent of legislative energy of the Meeting, states that “topic to the provisions of this Act, the Legislative Meeting could make legal guidelines for the entire or any a part of the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir with respect to any of the issues enumerated within the State Checklist besides the topics talked about at entries 1 and a couple of, specifically “Public Order” and “Police” respectively or the Concurrent Checklist within the Seventh Schedule to the Structure of India in as far as any such matter is relevant in relation to the Union territories.”
Second, even for this, the 2019 Act has a key rider — Part 36, which offers with particular provisions as to monetary Payments. This provision states {that a} Invoice or modification “shall not be launched into, or moved in, the Legislative Meeting besides on the advice of the Lieutenant Governor”, if such Invoice offers with, amongst different facets, “the modification of the regulation with respect to any monetary obligations undertaken or to be undertaken by the Authorities of the Union territory…”.
• The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has 90 Meeting seats. The J&Okay Reorganisation Act, 2019 specifies that the Lieutenant-Governor of the “successor Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir could nominate two members to the Legislative Meeting” to provide illustration to ladies “if in his opinion, ladies are usually not adequately represented within the Legislative Meeting”.
• In an modification to the Act in July 2023, an addition was made to permit for the nomination of three extra members to the Meeting. Two members from the Kashmiri migrant group, one among whom is to be a lady, and one member from the “displaced individuals from Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir”
Do You Know-
• The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir got here into being in March 1846, when the British, below the Treaty of Amritsar after the primary Anglo-Sikh Conflict, bought Kashmir for a sum of seven.5 million Nanakshahee rupees to Gulab Singh, the Dogra jagirdar of Jammu.
• Maharaja Hari Singh, who was on the throne when India grew to become impartial, was descended from Gulab Singh. Because the British ready to withdraw from India after dividing it, the princely states got the choice of becoming a member of both India or Pakistan or remaining impartial, though the final choice was hardly sensible. But, it was this feature that appealed to Hari Singh, with goals of constructing Kashmir “fully impartial”, a “Switzerland of the East”.
• In June 1947, Viceroy Lord Louis Mountbatten visited Srinagar. He suggested Hari Singh’s prime minister to select both nation and accede, however was instructed the state needed to stay impartial. He additionally sought a gathering with the king, however was knowledgeable on the final second that Singh was unwell.
• A point out right here should be made from the Boundary Fee’s resolution on Gurdaspur. Geographically, Kashmir was related to the remainder of the subcontinent by three routes: Rawalpindi-Baramula-Srinagar; Sialkot-Jammu-Banihal cross; and a “jeepable” filth monitor by way of Gurdaspur. The Gurdaspur district contained the 4 districts of Shakargarh, Batala, Gurdaspur and Pathankot. Gurdaspur district had a majority Muslim inhabitants, and was anticipated to go to Pakistan. Had that occurred, India would barely have any land connectivity with Kashmir, and Hari Singh’s selection would just about have been made for him.
• On September 27, 1947 [India after Gandhi, by Ramachandra Guha], Nehru wrote to Patel that the scenario in J&Okay was “harmful and deteriorating”. Nehru believed Pakistan deliberate to “infiltrate into Kashmir now and to take some massive motion as quickly as Kashmir is kind of remoted due to the approaching winter” [Schofield]. In lower than a month, the infiltrators got here, crossing over from then North-West Frontier Province on October 22.
• Hari Singh cabled to the Indian authorities for army help. A day later, on October 25, high diplomat VP Menon flew to Srinagar, and suggested Hari Singh to maneuver to Jammu for security. On October 26, Menon flew again to Delhi and a gathering of the Defence Committee was held, the place Governor-Basic Mountabatten mentioned that India ought to intervene militarily solely after Hari Singh had acceded. Menon went again to Jammu, and returned with the Instrument of Accession in his hand.
Different Essential Articles Protecting the identical matter:
📍Jammu Kashmir Election Outcomes 2024: What powers will the brand new Jammu and Kashmir Meeting have?
📍Information Nugget of the day: Jammu and Kashmir Elections
Earlier yr UPSC Mains Query Protecting comparable theme:
📍Siachen Glacier is located to the (UPSC CSE Prelims GS-1, 2020)
(a) East of Aksai Chin
(b) East of Leh
(c) North of Gilgit
(d) North of Nubra Valley
📍Which one of many following is the biggest (areawise) Lok Sabha constituency? (UPSC CSE Prelims GS-1, 2008)
(a) Kangra
(b) Ladakh
(c) Kachchh
(d) Bhilwara
EXPRESS NETWORK
Bombay HC permits single girl to terminate over 20-week being pregnant
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Structure, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Coverage, Rights Points, and many others.
Mains Examination:
• Basic Research II: Construction, group and functioning of the Govt and the Judiciary-Ministries and Departments of the Authorities; stress teams and formal/casual associations and their position within the Polity.
• Basic Research IV: Moral issues and dilemmas in authorities and personal establishments
What’s the continued story-The Bombay Excessive Courtroom lately allowed a 23-year-old single girl in a consensual relationship to terminate her undesirable being pregnant. The HC held that observations within the September 2022 judgment of the Supreme Courtroom that prolonged the best to secure and authorized abortion as much as 24 weeks to single and single ladies had been relevant within the current case.
It directed the state authorities to make adjustments as per SC observations, in kinds, codecs, and procedures in search of to be adopted in instances in search of an abortion below the Medical Termination of Being pregnant Act, 1971.
Key Factors to Ponder-
• The constitutional proper of ladies to make reproductive decisions in India-Know September 2022 judgment of the Supreme Courtroom
• What’s India’s regulation on abortion?
• Why does the laws have this hole?
• The Medical Termination of Being pregnant Act, 1971 and The brand new Medical Termination of Being pregnant (Modification) Act 2021-Examine and Distinction
• Medical Termination of Being pregnant (Modification) Act 2021-Know the important thing provisions
• Significance and significance of Medical Termination of Being pregnant (Modification) Act 2021?
• Points and Challenges related to Medical Termination of Being pregnant (Modification) Act 2021?
• What do you perceive by the check of “foetal viability”?
• Is there a query of ‘foetal viability’ in abortion in India, and do the rights of an unborn little one matter in the identical means as in lots of jurisdictions overseas?
• A lady faces a real “ethical dilemma” or “ethical battle” with regards to being pregnant termination-Talk about Rights vs Ethics on this state of affairs
• Talk about Professional-life versus pro-choice dilemma.
For Your Info-
• The Medical Termination of Being pregnant Act, 1971 (MTP Act) permits the termination of being pregnant below the next circumstances. Upto 20 weeks, termination is allowed on the recommendation of 1 physician.
• In case of a being pregnant of 20-24 weeks, abortion is allowed as an exception, however solely below sure classes, after two registered medical practitioners have evaluated the best to hunt termination.
• Rule 3B of Guidelines annexed to the MTP Act, which was amended in 2021, specify seven classes of ladies who’re eligible for termination between 20-24 weeks. These are: survivors of sexual assault or rape or incest; minors; those that have a change of marital standing through the ongoing being pregnant (widowhood and divorce); ladies with bodily disabilities; mentally ailing ladies; ladies carrying malformed foetus that has substantial danger of being incompatible with life; and ladies with being pregnant in humanitarian settings or catastrophe or emergency conditions as could also be declared by the federal government.
• Whereas courts have learn the MTP Act liberally, the check of “foetal viability” as a benchmark to permit abortion is new in India. The landmark 1973 US Supreme Courtroom verdict in ‘Roe v Wade’ that made abortion a constitutional proper permits abortion as much as the purpose of foetal viability, that’s, the time after which a foetus can survive outdoors the womb.
Different Essential Articles Protecting the identical matter:
📍What’s ‘foetal viability’ in abortion, and do the rights of an unborn little one matter?
📍Abortion legal guidelines all over the world
📍What’s India’s abortion regulation?
Earlier yr UPSC Mains Query Protecting comparable theme:
📍 What are the continued challenges for Ladies in India towards time and house? (UPSC CSE Mains, GS Paper 1, 2019)
ECONOMY
To accommodate start-ups, MeitY relaxes AI compute procurement norms
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Present occasions of nationwide and worldwide significance.
Mains Examination: Basic Research III: Consciousness within the fields of IT, House, Computer systems, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and points referring to mental property rights.
What’s the continued story-The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) has relaxed some provisions in its norms to obtain computing capability for synthetic intelligence (AI) options below the nation’s bold Rs 10,300 crore AI Mission. Quite a lot of smaller firms had earlier raised issues that among the ministry’s necessities had been exclusionary and would have benefitted solely larger firms.
Know Fundamentals-
• What’s India’s AI Mission?
• Key Options of India AI Mission
Key Factors to Ponder-
• What are the adjustments launched by the MeitY below its AI Mission
• Why Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) has relaxed some provisions in its norms to obtain computing capability for synthetic intelligence (AI) options?
• Why smaller firms had earlier raised issues?
• India AI Mission-Know its key options and aims
• Why AI regulation is required?
• If Regulated then what needs to be the restrict?
• If regulated, then what are the dangers related to regulating AI?
• What has been India’s Response to calls for for AI Regulation?
For Your Info-
• Computing capability, or compute, is among the many most essential parts of constructing a big AI system, aside from algorithmic innovation and knowledge units. Additionally it is one of the tough parts to obtain for smaller companies seeking to prepare and construct such AI programs, given the excessive prices.
• In a corrigendum to a young revealed in August, the IT Ministry has additionally lowered the capability of computing energy that profitable bidders must present. Initially it mentioned that 1,000 GPUs ought to have a efficiency threshold of 15 TFLOPS for FP32, 300 TFLOPS for FP16, and 40 GB AI compute reminiscence. Within the corrigendum, the federal government has diminished FP16 to 150 TFLOPS (from 300 TFLOPS) and diminished AI compute reminiscence requirement from 40 GB to 24 GB.
• TFLOPS is a unit that measures the computing energy of a system. For instance, if a system has 10 TFLOPS of FP16 efficiency, it means it might probably perform 10 trillion FP16 calculations each second. Whereas there have been some relaxations, the ministry has additionally launched a brand new technical criterion of an organization’s expertise in providing AI companies to clients.
• Now, firms must submit the variety of firms they’ve beforehand supplied AI compute companies in within the final three monetary years (2020- 21, 2021-22 and 2022-23). Minimal billing needs to be Rs 10 lakh, with firms receiving further marks for servicing a sure variety of clients.
Do You Know-
• Beneath the India AI Mission, the federal government will look to determine a computing capability of greater than 10,000 GPUs and likewise assist develop foundational fashions with a capability of greater than 100 billion parameters skilled on datasets masking main Indian languages for precedence sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and governance. AI Curation Models (ACUs) may also be developed in 50-line ministries. The proposal additionally consists of the institution of an AI market designed to supply AI as a service and pre-trained fashions to these engaged on AI functions.
• The implementation of this AI compute infrastructure might be finished by way of a public-private partnership mannequin with 50 per cent viability hole funding. If the compute costs come down, the personal entity must add extra compute capability throughout the similar budgeted quantity to satisfy elevated demand. Of the whole outlay, Rs 4,564 crore has been earmarked for constructing computing infrastructure.
• Computing capability, or compute, is among the many most essential parts of constructing a big AI system aside from algorithmic innovation and datasets. Additionally it is one of the tough parts to obtain for smaller companies seeking to prepare and construct such AI programs.
• The federal government may also finance deeptech start-ups at numerous ranges of development, as per the Cupboard approval. Of the whole outlay, roughly Rs 2,000 crore has been earmarked in the direction of this. The federal government may also arrange the IndiaAI Innovation Analysis Centre which is able to undertake the event and deployment of huge foundational fashions, with a give attention to indigenous massive multimodel Fashions and domain-specific foundational fashions. Near Rs 2,000 crore has been earmarked for this centre.
• An IndiaAI Datasets Platform may also be arrange as a part of the programme which is able to take a look at leveraging the standard, entry, and use of non-personal datasets for AI innovation. The platform might be tasked with internet hosting recognized “high-quality” AI prepared datasets.
Different Essential Articles Protecting the identical matter:
📍AI Mission: With contemporary budgetary allocation, IT Ministry seems to obtain as much as 500 GPUs
Earlier yr UPSC Mains Query Protecting comparable theme:
📍Introduce the idea of Synthetic Intelligence (AI). How does AI assist scientific analysis? Do you understand any risk to privateness of the person in using Al in healthcare? (UPSC CSE Mains, GS 3, 2023)
📍The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral a part of authorities”. Talk about. (UPSC CSE GS 2, 2020)
EXPLAINED
Discriminatory: Why SC struck down caste guidelines in jail manuals
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Structure, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Coverage, Rights Points, and many others.
Most important Examination: Basic Research I: Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
What’s the continued story-What’s the continued story-The Supreme Courtroom on Thursday (October 3) struck down a collection of guidelines in a number of state jail manuals which “reinforce caste variations” and goal members of marginalised communities, particularly these dubbed “legal tribes” within the colonial period for violating the elemental rights of the prisoners.
Key Factors to Ponder-
• Why did SC strike down these guidelines now?
• How do the jail manuals reinforce caste and colonial stereotypes?
• What are the elemental rights below the Structure of India for prisoners?
• How are basic rights of prisoners violated?
For Your Info-
• The Supreme Courtroom on Thursday (October 3) struck down a collection of guidelines in a number of state jail manuals which “reinforce caste variations” and goal members of marginalised communities, particularly these dubbed “legal tribes” within the colonial period for violating the elemental rights of the prisoners.
• The choice follows a plea filed by journalist Sukanya Shantha, highlighting a collection of guidelines and provisions in jail manuals from states together with Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. The principles cope with the classification of prisoners and the project of labor based mostly on such classifications.
• Based on the 148-page resolution authored by Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud, these manuals assigned jail work in ways in which “perpetuate(s) caste-based labour divisions and reinforce social hierarchies”, violating the elemental rights of prisoners.
As an example, below the Madhya Pradesh Jail Handbook, 1987, prisoners from the ‘Mehtar’ caste — a Scheduled Caste group — are particularly assigned latrine cleansing work. They’re required to “empty the contents of the small receptacle into massive iron drums and substitute the receptacles within the latrine after having cleansing them” throughout routinely carried out ‘latrine parades’.
• The Supreme Courtroom has declared all of the provisions and guidelines in query unconstitutional, and directed states and union territories to revise their jail manuals inside three months. It has additionally directed the Centre to make needed adjustments to handle caste discrimination within the Mannequin Jail Handbook 2016 and the draft Mannequin Prisons and Correctional Providers Act, 2023 throughout the similar interval.
Know the Background-
• The Felony Tribes Act of 1871 allowed the British Raj to declare any group as a “legal tribe” in the event that they had been deemed “hooked on systematic fee of non-bailable offences”. With this declaration, these tribes had been compelled to settle in designated areas, subjected to fixed checks and the specter of arrest and not using a warrant, and extra draconian restrictions “based mostly on a stereotype which thought-about a number of marginalized communities as born criminals”.
• After a number of amendments and iterations, the Act was repealed in 1952 and the previous ‘legal tribes’ grew to become generally known as ‘denotified tribes’. Nonetheless, based on the apex court docket, “The manuals/guidelines additionally reinforce stereotypes towards denotified tribes” by way of the classification between ordinary and non-habitual criminals.
Do You Know-The apex court docket detailed how the principles flagged by Shantha violate a bunch of basic rights below the Structure of India:
—RIGHT TO EQUALITY (Article 14): The court docket held that caste can solely be used as a floor for classification “…so long as it’s used to grant advantages to the victims of caste discrimination”. It additionally said that “Segregating prisoners on the idea of caste would reinforce caste variations or animosity that must be prevented on the first place” and that such classification “deprives a few of them of equal alternative to be assessed for his or her correctional wants, and consequently, alternative to reform.”
—RIGHT AGAINST DISCRIMINATION (Article 15): The court docket held that the manuals each straight and not directly discriminate towards marginalised communities. “By assigning cleansing and sweeping work to the marginalized castes, whereas permitting the excessive castes to do cooking, the Manuals straight discriminate” it held. Additional, “By assigning particular varieties of work to marginalized castes based mostly on their supposed “customary” roles, the Manuals perpetuate the stereotype that folks from these communities are both incapable of or unfit for extra expert, dignified, or mental work” which the court docket held leads to oblique discrimination.
—ABOLITION OF UNTOUCHABILITY (Article 17): The court docket reproduced a collection of guidelines and held that they had been consultant of untouchability being practised in prisons. In Uttar Pradesh, a convict “shall not be known as upon to carry out duties of a degrading or menial character except he belongs to a category or group accustomed to carry out such duties”. To this, the court docket held that “The notion that an occupation is taken into account as “degrading or menial” is a side of the caste system and untouchability”.
—RIGHT TO LIFE WITH DIGNITY (Article 21): The court docket held that the best to life with dignity below Article 21 “envisages the expansion of particular person character” and “supplies for the best to beat caste boundaries as part of the best to life of people from marginalized communities”. These guidelines in jail manuals, it held, “limit the reformation of prisoners from marginalised communities” and “deprive(s) prisoners from marginalized teams of a way of dignity and the expectation that they need to be handled equally”, violating this proper.
—PROHIBITION OF FORCED LABOUR (Article 23): Referring to how work is distributed such that some communities carry out ‘honourable’ work whereas marginalised communities are relegated to ‘undesirable’ work, the court docket held “Imposing labour or work, which is taken into account impure or low-grade, upon the members of marginalized communities quantities to “compelled labour” below Article 23”.
Different Essential Articles Protecting the identical matter:
📍Courtroom exhibits the best way: No place for caste in prisons
Making machines be taught
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Present occasions of nationwide and worldwide significance.
Mains Examination: Basic Research III: Consciousness within the fields of IT, House, Computer systems, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and points referring to mental property rights.
What’s the continued story-This yr’s Nobel Prize in Physics recognises two scientists whose work laid the foundations of the AI revolution that’s at the moment unfolding. John Hopfield, a 91-year-old American, and Geoffrey Hinton, a 76-year-old British-born Canadian, had been on Tuesday awarded the Nobel Prize for his or her “foundational discoveries and innovations that allow machine studying with synthetic neural networks”. The 2 scientists, working individually, did most of their ground-breaking analysis within the Eighties, however the influence of their work is starting to be felt solely now.
Key Factors to Ponder-
• This yr’s Nobel Prize in Physics recognises what?
• Is AI Physics?
• John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton obtained the Nobel Prize for what?
• What’s the Hopfield community?
• What’s a Boltzmann machine?
For Your Info–
• AI has turn into frequent parlance now, however the origin of the time period dates again to the mid-Nineteen Fifties, when scientists started talking of computer systems as “clever” machines. As computer systems grew to become increasingly more highly effective through the years, they completed more and more advanced duties with nice effectivity, and seemingly gained in intelligence. Nonetheless, these had been nonetheless calculation-based duties — and all that was basically taking place was that the pc was in a position to calculate quicker and do many extra duties concurrently than earlier.
• Efforts to get a pc to mimic the functioning of the human mind didn’t make a lot headway till Hopfield’s revolutionary work within the Eighties. A theoretical physicist with pursuits in molecular biology and neuroscience, Hopfield constructed a man-made neural community, resembling the community of nerve cells within the human mind, that allowed pc programs to ‘keep in mind’ and ‘be taught’.
• “Earlier, in 1949, the Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb had found that the method of studying in human beings concerned everlasting and irreversible adjustments within the synapses, or connections, between nerve cells the place the communication associated to the educational was occurring. Hopfield constructed a man-made neural community that would accomplish one thing comparable, and this was an enormous breakthrough,” mentioned Vipin Srivastava, a former professor of Physics on the College of Hyderabad, who has himself made basic contributions to the sector.
• Hopfield’s community processed info utilizing the whole community construction, and never its particular person constituents. This was in contrast to conventional computing during which info is saved or processed within the smallest bits. So, when a Hopfield community is given new info, like a picture or a track, it captures the whole sample in a single go, remembering the connections or relationships between the constituting elements, like pixels within the case of pictures.
• It permits the community to recall, determine, or regenerate that picture or track when an incomplete, or similar-looking, picture is handed as enter. Hopfield’s work was a leap in the direction of enabling sample recognition in computer systems, one thing that permits face recognition or picture enchancment instruments which can be frequent now.
• Hinton took ahead the work of Hopfield and developed synthetic networks that would carry out way more advanced duties. So, whereas Hopfield networks may recognise easy patterns of form or sound, Hinton’s superior fashions may perceive voices and photos. These neural networks might be strengthened, and their accuracy at sample recognition enhanced, by way of repeated inputs of information, known as coaching. Hinton developed a way known as backpropagation that enabled the unreal neural networks to be taught from earlier errors and enhance itself.
• The method of steady studying and enchancment by coaching on massive datasets led to the event of deep neural networks that contained a number of layers of networks. Hinton demonstrated that deep networks resulted within the studying of extra advanced options and patterns in massive datasets. Deep studying is on the coronary heart of recent speech and picture recognition, translation, voice help and self-driving vehicles.
• The facility of Hinton’s deep networks had been most spectacularly demonstrated on the 2012 ImageNet Visible Recognition Problem, a contest organised to check new applied sciences in picture recognition. A sample recognition algorithm utilizing deep neural networks developed by Hinton and his college students, known as AlexNet, confirmed dramatic enhancements in recognising pictures.
Do You Know-
• In 2018, Hinton was awarded the Turing Prize, essentially the most prestigious award in pc science. The truth is, Hinton’s total work has been in pc science, in contrast to Hopfield, who has made contributions to physics, neuroscience, and biology. Srivastava, the previous professor at Hyderabad College, mentioned the Physics Nobel was related primarily as a result of Hopfield’s 1982 work borrowed from some earlier breakthroughs in physics.
• This isn’t the primary time that the Nobel Committee had picked a pc science breakthrough for the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 2007, the Physics Nobel was awarded for work that associated to knowledge storage gadgets like laborious drives.
Different Essential Articles Protecting the identical matter:
📍Nobel physics prize 2024 gained by AI pioneers John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton
SMALLER AREA SOWN, RUINED CROP: WHY TOMATO HAS HIT RS 100/KG
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Financial and Social Improvement
Mains Examination: Basic Research III: Indian Economic system and points referring to planning, mobilization, of assets, development, growth and employment.
What’s the continued story– The Nationwide Cooperative Customers’ Federation of India below the Union Ministry of Shopper Affairs, Meals and Public Distribution started promoting tomatoes at a subsidised value of Rs 65 per kg in Delhi as retail costs touched Rs 120-130 at some locations on Monday. Prospects across the nation are paying at the very least Rs 80-90/ kg for tomato. Shopper value knowledge compiled by the ministry present common costs on October 7 had elevated considerably from a month in the past, with the south zone common value having virtually doubled over this era.
Key Factors to Ponder-
• Why are costs of tomato rising, and for a way lengthy will this case final?
• What issue distinguishes Indian inflation from many different developed nations?
• Why are costs of tomato rising, and for a way lengthy will this case final?
• What’s Inflation?
• Know the Sorts of Inflation like Average Inflation, Galloping Inflation, Hyper-Inflation, Stagflation, Deflation, Core Inflation and many others.
• What are the causes of Inflation within the current scenario
• How Inflation is Measured in India?
• What’s the Long run, Medium Time period and Brief-term influence of Inflation?
• New Normal for Measuring Inflation in India and Outdated Normal for Measuring Inflation-Key Variations
• Steps or Measures Taken by GOI to Management Inflation
For Your Info-
• The primary causes for the sudden value spike is decrease than anticipated sowing, and destruction of market-ready crop in some elements of the tomato zone attributable to heavy rain within the final week of September, farmers mentioned.
• As of September 20, whole sowing of 1.98 lakh hectares (lh) of kharif tomato was reported, far beneath the goal of two.89 lh. On this date final yr, 2.20 lh of kharif tomato had been sown. In contrast to onion, which is grown thrice a yr, there may be solely a kharif and a rabi tomato. Kharif tomato is grown primarily in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana; the rabi crop is grown in elements of Maharashtra and elements of Karnataka.
• Rabi tomato is transplanted in February-March and harvested after about 160 days. The kharif crop is transplanted after June-July, and transplantation can proceed until September in elements of Maharashtra.
Different Essential Articles Protecting the identical matter:
📍ExplainSpeaking: What’s the hyperlink between rising meals costs and central banks elevating rates of interest?
Earlier yr UPSC Mains Query Protecting comparable theme:
📍What are the causes of persistent excessive meals inflation in India? Touch upon the effectiveness of the financial coverage of the RBI to manage the sort of inflation. (UPSC CSE GS3, 2024)
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