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— It might include primary info by giving some definitions from the trusted supply and genuine details.
— It’s the central a part of the reply and one ought to perceive the demand of the query to offer wealthy content material.
— The reply have to be ideally written as a mixture of factors and quick paragraphs relatively than utilizing lengthy paragraphs or simply factors.
— Utilizing details from genuine authorities sources makes your reply extra complete. Evaluation is vital primarily based on the demand of the query, however don’t over analyse.
— Underlining key phrases offers you an edge over different candidates and enhances presentation of the reply.
— Utilizing flowcharts/tree-diagram within the solutions saves a lot time and boosts your rating. Nonetheless, it needs to be used logically and solely the place it’s required.
Means ahead/ conclusion
— The ending of the reply needs to be on a optimistic be aware and it ought to have a forward-looking strategy. Nonetheless, when you really feel that an vital downside have to be highlighted, chances are you’ll add it in your conclusion. Attempt to not repeat any level from physique or introduction.
— It’s possible you’ll use the findings of experiences or surveys carried out at nationwide and worldwide ranges, quotes and so forth. in your solutions.
Self Analysis
— It’s an important a part of our Mains reply writing follow. UPSC Necessities will present some guiding factors or concepts as a thought course of that can aid you to judge your solutions.
THOUGHT PROCESS
It’s possible you’ll enrich your solutions by a few of the following factors
QUESTION 1: Focus on the possible geopolitical and environmental ramifications of China’s growth of the Medog Hydropower Station on the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, with a deal with India.
Note: This isn’t a mannequin reply. It solely gives you with thought course of which you will incorporate into the solutions.
Introduction:
— China permitted the world’s largest hydroelectric mission on the Yarlung Tsangpo (or Zangbo) River in Tibet.
— When accomplished, the 60,000 MW mission will have the ability to generate thrice the quantity of vitality because the world’s largest hydro mission, the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze in central China.
— The Yarlung Tsangpo flows from Tibet into Arunachal Pradesh, the place it is named the Siang river. In Assam, it is named the Brahmaputra and is joined by tributaries corresponding to Dibang and Lohit. The river then enters Bangladesh and flows into the Bay of Bengal.
Physique:
It’s possible you’ll incorporate a few of the following factors in your reply:
— An infrastructure mission of the size proposed by China for the Yarlung Tsangpo may have an effect on thousands and thousands of individuals residing in these areas, in addition to their livelihoods and the atmosphere.
— In keeping with Y Nithiyanandam, Professor and Head of the Geospatial Analysis Programme at Takshashila Establishment in Bengaluru, the dam’s location is talked about in China’s 14th 5-12 months Plan (2021-2025) — on the “Nice Bend” the place the Yarlung Tsangpo makes a U-turn in Medog county earlier than coming into Arunachal Pradesh.
— Latest developments, corresponding to funding distribution, the development of minor dams alongside the river channel, and adjustments in land use in upstream areas, recommend that the mission is in superior planning, with seen development progress anticipated shortly, in response to Dr. Nithiyanandam.
— China says the dam will assist it transition away from conventional vitality sources and obtain internet carbon neutrality by 2060. The Yarlung Tsangpo is sweet for hydroelectricity era due to its “outstanding stream price” as a consequence of its speedy drop from excessive mountains.
— Dr Nithiyanandam believes that the huge quantity of water held within the Three Gorges Dam reservoir created blips in gravity anomaly maps.
— The dam’s discharge of water has had vital environmental implications, together with the potential for earthquakes and displacement of over 1,000,000 individuals owing to river morphological adjustments.
The dam (or dams) may affect the stream of water from China to India, the decrease riparian state.
Issues for India
— The dam (or dams) might have an effect on the stream of water from China to India, the decrease riparian state.
— The stream of silt, which is important for agriculture, will be halted, and variations in river stream can have an effect on native biodiversity.
— This area is likely one of the world’s most ecologically fragile and earthquake-prone. A landslip in 2004 fashioned the glacial Parechu Lake within the Tibetan Himalayas close to Himachal Pradesh. After the Chinese language warned India, the lake’s stage was monitored each day. The lake burst in June 2005, dumping a substantial quantity of water into the Sutlej, nevertheless immediate collaboration and planning helped restrict the injury.
— To stop disasters, nations should coordinate and alternate info. China has constructed 12 large dams within the Mekong River basin, which have had a detrimental affect on downstream nations.
Conclusion:
— There’s a normal Memorandum of Understanding on transboundary river cooperation, in addition to two particular MoUs on the Brahmaputra and Sutlej.
— The Brahmaputra MoU, which is renewed each 5 years, expired in 2023. The renewal process is continuing by means of diplomatic channels, in response to the Jal Shakti Ministry’s web site.
— The better subject is that understanding (throughout nations) is extraordinarily restricted and confined in scope. When India expressed issues about such initiatives, the normal Chinese language response was that they have been largely run-of-the-river initiatives, which didn’t contain main impoundment of water.
(Supply: Why China is constructing the world’s largest dam on the Tsangpo, how India could also be impacted by Rishika Singh)
Factors to Ponder
What coordination mechanism do India and China have on transboundary rivers?
Why does China need this mega mission?
Associated Earlier 12 months Query
‘China is utilizing its financial relations and optimistic commerce surplus as instruments to develop potential army energy standing in Asia’. Within the mild of this assertion, focus on its affect on India as her neighbour. (2017)
QUESTION 2: Look at present developments in Indo-US civil nuclear cooperation, with a deal with the obstacles confronted by India’s nuclear legal responsibility laws and the implications of the US reducing regulatory boundaries.
Note: This isn’t a mannequin reply. It solely gives you with thought course of which you will incorporate into the solutions.
Introduction:
— The U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Settlement, or Indo-US nuclear accord, is the identify given to the 123 Settlement that was signed between the US of America and India.
— This settlement’s basis was a joint assertion made on July 18, 2005, by then-Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and then-U.S. President George W. Bush, wherein the US dedicated to pursuing full civil nuclear cooperation with India in alternate for India separating its civil and army nuclear amenities and putting all of its civil nuclear amenities below the safety of the Worldwide Atomic Vitality Company (IAEA).
Physique:
It’s possible you’ll incorporate a few of the following factors in your reply:
Present developments in Indo-US civil nuclear cooperation
— The US Nationwide Safety Advisor Jake Sullivan didn’t elaborate on the small print, however sources say that three corporations could also be faraway from the blacklist. There at the moment are two main authorized impediments to additional Indo-US nuclear cooperation.
— On the American aspect, a major obstacle is the ’10CFR810′ authorisation (Half 810 of Title 10, Code of Federal Rules (Half 810) of the US Atomic Vitality Act of 1954), which permits US nuclear distributors to export gear to nations corresponding to India below sure strict safeguards however doesn’t permit them to fabricate nuclear gear or carry out nuclear design work right here.
— In keeping with experiences, this approval is a transparent hindrance to New Delhi’s want to take part within the manufacturing worth chain and co-produce nuclear elements for atomic energy vegetation which are collectively deliberate to be established in India.
— International gamers corresponding to GE-Hitachi, Westinghouse, and French nuclear firm Areva (now known as Orano) have cited the Civil Legal responsibility for Nuclear Injury Act, 2010, as an obstacle on the Indian aspect. The act sought to create a mechanism for compensating victims from injury attributable to a nuclear accident, in addition to allocating legal responsibility and specifying compensation procedures.
— That is partly as a result of the laws shifts operators’ legal responsibility to gear suppliers, with overseas distributors citing this as a purpose for concern about investing in India’s nuclear enterprise because of the threat of future legal responsibility.
Conclusion:
— Sullivan’s agenda for the present journey included the prospect of constructing the innovation alliance below the US-India initiative on Essential and Rising Know-how (iCET).
— Although India’s civil nuclear programme is able to producing smaller reactor sorts, corresponding to 220MWe PHWRs (pressurised heavy water reactors), the nation’s reactor expertise is a matter. Primarily based on heavy water and pure uranium, PHWRs are more and more out of sync with mild water reactors (LWR), which at the moment are the commonest reactor kind world wide.
(Supply: Boosting Indo-US nuclear collaboration: the necessity, two key hurdles by Anil Sasi)
Factors to Ponder
What’s China’s angle within the Indo-US nuclear deal?
Associated Earlier 12 months Questions
“The USA is dealing with an existential menace within the type of China, that’s way more difficult than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Clarify. (2021)
‘The West is fostering India as an alternative choice to cut back dependence on China’s provide chain and strategically to counter China’s political and financial dominance.’ Clarify this assertion with examples. (2024)
Earlier Mains Reply Follow
UPSC Necessities: Mains reply follow — GS 1 (Week 83)
UPSC Necessities: Mains reply follow — GS 1 (Week 84)
UPSC Necessities: Mains reply follow — GS 2 (Week 84)
UPSC Necessities: Mains reply follow — GS 2 (Week 83)
UPSC Necessities: Mains reply follow — GS 3 (Week 84)
UPSC Necessities: Mains reply follow — GS 3 (Week 85)
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