Mains Examination: Normal Research-II, III: Impact of insurance policies and politics of developed and creating international locations, Atmosphere
What’s the continuing story: Russia officers in Crimea introduced a regional emergency on Saturday, as oil was detected on the shores of Sevastopol, the peninsula’s largest metropolis.
Key Factors to Ponder:
• What’s a regional emergency regime?
• How do gasoline oil spills have an effect on marine ecosystems and the surroundings?
• How are oil spills cleaned?
• What measures could be taken to promptly tackle oil spills on coastlines?
• What’s the significance of the Kerch Strait in geopolitics and world commerce?
• What’s the function of worldwide conventions in decreasing the severity of oil spills?
• Map work: Kerch Strait, Crimea, Sevastopol, Krasnodar area, Black Sea
Key Takeaways:
• Gasoline oil spilled out of two storm-stricken tankers almost three weeks in the past within the Kerch Strait, near jap Crimea – some 250 km from Sevastopol, which lies on the southwest of the peninsula.
• “Right this moment a regional emergency regime has been declared in Sevastopol,” regional Gov. Mikhail Razvozhaev wrote on Telegram. Oil was discovered on 4 seashores within the area and was “promptly eradicated”,
• Razvozhaev’s announcement got here after authorities in Russia’s southern Krasnodar area introduced a region-wide emergency final week, because the gasoline oil continued washing up on the shoreline 10 days after one tanker ran aground and the opposite was left broken and adrift on December 15.
Do You Know:
• The Kerch Strait runs between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and separates Crimea’s Kerch Peninsula from Russia’s Krasnodar area.
• Oil spills have an effect on marine life by exposing them to harsh components and destroying their sources of meals and habitat. Additional, each birds and mammals can die from hypothermia consequently oil spills, based on the US Nationwide Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). As an illustration, oil destroys the insulating potential of fur-bearing mammals, comparable to sea otters. It additionally decreases the water repellency of birds’ feathers, with out which they lose their potential to repel chilly water.
• There are a couple of methods to scrub up oil spills. together with skimming, in situ burning and by releasing chemical dispersants. Skimming includes eradicating oil from the ocean floor earlier than it is ready to attain the delicate areas alongside the shoreline. In situ burning means burning a selected patch of oil after it has concentrated in a single space.
• Releasing chemical dispersants helps break down oil into smaller droplets, making it simpler for microbes to eat, and additional break it down into much less dangerous compounds.
• Pure actions in aquatic environments comparable to weathering, evaporation, emulsification, biodegradation and oxidation may assist cut back the severity of an oil spill and speed up the restoration of an affected space. However these happen otherwise in freshwater and marine environments, the Environmental Safety Company (EPA) notes in a report on oil spills.
Different Necessary Articles Protecting the identical subject:
📍Russia clears seashores after Black Sea oil spill, declares emergency in Crimea
UPSC Prelims Observe Query Protecting comparable theme:
(1) Which of the strait connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov?
(a) Sunda strait
(b) Dover Strait
(c) Strait of Otranto
(d) Kerch Strait
GOVT & POLITICS
Why Modi govt 3.0 is sustaining an arm’s size from protesting farmers
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Financial and Social Growth
Principal Examination: Normal Research III: Points associated to direct and oblique farm subsidies and minimal help costs
What’s the continuing story: Presently, the Supreme Court docket is trying into this challenge. No matter directives the Supreme Court docket provides, shall be adopted, Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan advised reporters earlier this week when requested whether or not he would invite the protesting farmers for talks, who’ve been holding a sit-in at Shambhu and Khanauri on the Punjab-Haryana borders since February final yr.
Key Factors to Ponder:
• What’s minimal help value (MSP)?
• Why are the farmers protesting? What are their calls for?
• Agriculture is a part of which checklist below schedule 7 of the Indian Structure?
• That are the crops coated below MSP?
• How MSP is calculated (paid-out prices, labour, and many others.) and which crops are coated below the MSP
• Know intimately concerning the Fee for Agricultural Prices & Costs (CACP).
• How does the federal government repair MSPs of crops earlier than each planting season?
• What had been the suggestions of the Ashok Dalwai Committee and M. S. Swaminathan Committee on MSP?
• Learn concerning the Land Acquisition Act, 2013 and its options.
• What are the problems and challenges related to the implementation of the Land Acquisition Act, 2013?
• What measures needs to be taken to deal with the problems associated to theLand Acquisition Act, 2013?
Key Takeaways:
• Chouhan’s cautious reply to queries on the persevering with farmers’ protests signifies the authorities’s modified method in coping with the farm stir. Not like its proactive engagement with the agitating farm unions in its earlier time period, the Narendra Modi-led NDA authorities 3.0 appears to be maintaining an arm’s size from the difficulty.
• Regardless of the standoff, the Centre has been combating shy of partaking with the protesting farmers demanding authorized standing for minimal help value (MSP) of crops and farm debt waiver, amongst different issues.
• There may very well be numerous components that specify the Centre’s modified tack in coping with the farm agitation this time. One, the continuing stir is restricted to the Punjab-Haryana border to this point, with its geographical unfold not as broad because the 2020-21 farm motion. Two, a number of main farmer our bodies together with the SKM – an umbrella organisation of many farm unions from Punjab and different states — haven’t joined the present stir regardless of supporting its calls for. Thirdly, whereas the 2020-21 motion was directed in opposition to the Centre’s three farm legal guidelines, the present protest has a number of calls for together with some pressed earlier.
Do You Know:
Calls for being made by the Punjab protesting farmers:
• A legislation guaranteeing the acquisition of all crops at Minimal Assist Worth (MSP) for farmers throughout the nation, with crop costs fastened as per the suggestions of the Dr Swaminathan Fee.
• A whole debt waiver for farmers and labourers.
• Reinstatement of the Land Acquisition Act, 2013, needs to be nationwide, guaranteeing written consent from farmers and 4 occasions compensation primarily based on collector charges needs to be given earlier than any land acquisition.
• India ought to withdraw from the World Commerce Group (WTO), and droop all free commerce agreements.
• Below MGNREGA, guarantee 200 days of employment per yr with a every day wage of Rs 700, and hyperlink MGNREGA with agriculture.
• Strict penalties and fines for firms producing pretend seeds, pesticides, and fertilisers. They’ve additionally requested for measures to enhance seed high quality.
• Institution of a Nationwide Fee for chilli, turmeric, and different spices.
• Implementation of the Fifth Schedule of the Structure, guaranteeing the rights of tribal communities over water, forests, and land, and stopping the exploitation of tribal lands by companies.
Different Necessary Articles Protecting the identical subject:
📍As farmers intensify protest, right here’s a have a look at their calls for
📍Information nugget of the day: Land Acquisition Act 2013
📍ExplainSpeaking: Past MSPs and protests, some primary info about Indian farmers
Earlier yr UPSC Prelims Query Protecting comparable theme:
(2) The Honest and Remunerative Worth (FRP) of sugarcane is permitted by the (UPSC CSE 2015)
(a) Cupboard Committee on Financial Affairs
(b) Fee for Agricultural Prices and Costs
(c) Directorate of Advertising and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture
(d) Agricultural Produce Market Committee
EXPRESS NETWORK
Coaching periods, help centres: Uttarakhand preps to roll out UCC
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Present occasions of nationwide and worldwide significance
Mains Examination: Normal Research-II: Structure of India —options, amendments, vital provisions and primary construction., Authorities insurance policies and interventions
What’s the continuing story: Coaching of officers until January 20, a specialised app, three help centres with technical help, and authorized help to all stakeholders: these are among the many pending duties that the Uttarakhand authorities is expediting because it goals to implement the Uniform Civil Code in January, The Indian Specific has learnt.
Key Factors to Ponder:
• What’s the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?
• Know concerning the private legal guidelines in India.
• What are the constitutional provisions associated to UCC?
• What are the arguments for and in opposition to the implementation of UCC?
• What was the Constituent Meeting debate concerning the adoption of UCC?
• What are the essential instances associated to UCC?
• What are the challenges related to the implementation of UCC?
• What has the twenty second Regulation Fee stated about UCC?
Key Takeaways:
• Towards the backdrop of Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami’s statements that the UCC shall be carried out this month, House Secretary Shailesh Bagoli is learnt to have requested officers to establish areas of their districts to conduct coaching periods.
• To make sure comfort for each officers and residents, three help centres shall be established. ITDA will present technical help, CSC will help with coaching, and the Prosecution Division will provide authorized help to all stakeholders by way of these centres.
• The Seventh Schedule of the Structure offers that each the Centre and state legislatures can legislate on issues pertaining to household legal guidelines. In pursuance of this energy, the federal government of Uttarakhand is planning to implement its personal Uniform Civil Code.
• The Code applies to residents of the state, however solely to those that establish throughout the binary genders of female and male who’re in heterosexual relationships, thus leaving most LGBT individuals outdoors its ambit.
Do You Know:
• A Uniform Civil Code would offer for one legislation for the whole nation, relevant to all spiritual communities, of their private issues comparable to marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, and many others.
• The framers of the Structure recognised the necessity for uniform private legal guidelines, however positioned it within the Directive Ideas of State Coverage. Article 44 of the Structure says that “the State shall endeavour to safe for the residents a uniform civil code all through the territory of India”.
• Article 44 is among the many Directive Ideas of State Coverage. Directive Ideas aren’t enforceable by courtroom, however are supposed to tell and information governance.
Different Necessary Articles Protecting the identical subject:
📍The 360° UPSC Debate: Is Uniform Civil Code ‘pointless and undesirable’ or ‘justice for all communities’
📍How the Uniform Civil Code got here to be included within the Indian Structure
📍Hits and misses of Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code: What the Invoice does, and doesn’t do
Earlier yr UPSC Prelims Query Protecting comparable theme:
(3) Think about the next provisions below the Directive Ideas of State Coverage as enshrined within the Structure of India: (UPSC CSE 2012)
1. Securing for residents of India a uniform civil code
2. Organising village Panchayats
3. Selling cottage industries in rural areas
4. Securing for all the employees cheap leisure and cultural alternatives
Which of the above are the Gandhian Ideas which are mirrored within the Directive Ideas of State Coverage?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 solely
(b) 2 and three solely
(c) 1, 3 and 4 solely
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Earlier yr UPSC Mains Query Protecting comparable theme:
Focus on the attainable components that inhibit India from enacting for its residents a uniform civil code as offered for within the Directive Ideas of State Coverage. (UPSC CSE 2015)
ECONOMY
‘Rural poverty declines to 4.86% in FY24’
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Financial and Social Growth- Sustainable Growth, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, and many others.
Mains Examination: Normal Research-II, III: Points regarding poverty and starvation, Indian Economic system and points regarding planning, mobilisation of sources, development, growth and employment.
What’s the continuing story: Rural poverty has declined considerably to 4.86 per cent within the fiscal ending March 2024 from 25.7 per cent in 2011-12 primarily pushed by authorities help programmes, stated a SBI analysis launched on Friday.
Key Factors to Ponder:
• How is poverty outlined in India?
• How is the poverty line decided in India?
• How is poverty outlined by completely different worldwide establishments?
• What has the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) acknowledged about India’s poverty ranges?
• Know intimately the classifications of poverty.
• What are the adversarial penalties and ‘pains of poverty’ that the poor really feel?
• Working Group (1962), Process Pressure headed by Dr. Y. Ok. Alagh (1979), Lakdawala Professional Group (1993), Tendulkar Professional Group (2009), and Rangarajan Committee (2014) -Know the important thing highlights.
• What measures have been taken by the federal government for poverty alleviation in India?
• Learn concerning the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana (PMGKAY)—Key Options.
• Phrases to Know: Head-count ratio, Personal Last Consumption Expenditure (PFCE), Authorities Last Consumption Expenditure (GFCE)?
Key Takeaways:
• City poverty too is estimated at 4.09 per cent, down from 13.7 per cent in 2011-12.
• “The sharp decline in rural poverty ratio is on account of upper consumption development in lowest 0-5 per cent decile with vital authorities help and such help is essential as we additionally discover that change in meals costs has a major affect on not simply meals expenditures, however general expenditure on the whole,” stated the SBI analysis on consumption expenditure survey.
• The newest Family Expenditure Consumption Survey, launched by the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation, confirmed that consumption inequality in rural in addition to city areas declined throughout the August 2023-July 2024 interval as in comparison with a yr in the past.
• The SBI analysis stated that the Consumption Expenditure Survey reveals a outstanding decline in rural poverty estimated at 4.86 % in 2023-24 (7.2 % in FY23 and 25.7 % in FY12) and concrete poverty estimated at 4.09 % (4.6 % in FY23 and 13.7 % in 2011-12).
• It’s attainable that these numbers may endure minor revisions as soon as the 2021 census is accomplished and the brand new rural-urban inhabitants share is revealed, the analysis report stated. “We consider city poverty may decline even additional. At an combination stage, we consider poverty charges in India may now be within the vary of 4-4.5 %.
Do You Know:
• The phrases ‘city’ and ‘rural’ poor refer to 2 distinct teams of people experiencing poverty in numerous settings, specifically, city and rural areas.
• City Poor: The city poor are people and households residing in city areas — together with metros, cities and cities; who expertise poverty. City poverty is commonly characterised by challenges comparable to excessive residing prices, restricted entry to reasonably priced housing, and insufficient sanitation and healthcare amenities. Employment within the casual sector is widespread among the many city poor, which can contain jobs in road merchandising, development, home work, or small-scale buying and selling.
• Rural Poor: Rural poverty is commonly related to components comparable to landlessness, low agricultural productiveness, restricted entry to training and healthcare, and a scarcity of infrastructure. The agricultural poor are extra constrained by conventional restraints of caste, gender and ethnicity whereas making an attempt to flee poverty; than the city poor. The agricultural poor usually face challenges associated to restricted entry to formal monetary providers, which might hinder their potential to save lots of, make investments, and handle revenue successfully.
• Poverty is accompanied by a spread of adverse penalties and hardships. These penalties can have an effect on numerous facets of people’ lives, together with their bodily, emotional, and social well-being. Listed below are among the widespread pains of poverty that the poor expertise:
1. Meals Insecurity: Starvation and malnutrition are prevalent among the many poor as a consequence of their restricted entry to nutritious meals. This will result in bodily well being points, stunted development, and cognitive impairments, particularly in youngsters.
2. Insufficient Healthcare: Poor people usually lack entry to high quality healthcare, resulting in untreated sicknesses and continual well being issues. The price of medical care generally is a vital burden for them.
3. Restricted Entry to Training: Poverty can hinder entry to training, limiting alternatives for private {and professional} development. Youngsters from impoverished backgrounds might not obtain a high quality training, limiting their future prospects.
4. Housing Instability: Poor households might battle to afford secure and steady housing. This can lead to overcrowding, homelessness, and publicity to environmental hazards.
5. Financial Stress: The fixed monetary stress and uncertainty related to poverty can result in nervousness, melancholy, and psychological well being points. Poor people may additionally expertise a scarcity of management over their lives.
Different Necessary Articles Protecting the identical subject:
📍UPSC Necessities | Society and Social Justice: Poverty and related points (Half 2)
📍Poverty is down, interval
Earlier yr UPSC Prelims Query Protecting comparable theme:
(4) In a given yr in India, official poverty traces are increased in some States than in others as a result of (UPSC CSE 2019)
(a) poverty charges fluctuate from State to State
(b) value ranges fluctuate from State to State
(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State
(d) high quality of public distribution varies from State to State
Earlier yr UPSC Mains Query Protecting comparable theme:
‘Regardless of implementation of assorted programmes for eradication of poverty by the federal government in India, poverty remains to be current’. Clarify by giving causes. (UPSC CSE 2018)
Panel for native knowledge storage envisioned to forestall sectoral disruptions: IT Minister
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Present occasions of nationwide and worldwide significance
Mains Examination: Normal Research-II: Authorities insurance policies and interventions for growth in numerous sectors and points arising out of their design and implementation
What’s the continuing story: A day after the draft knowledge safety guidelines proposed establishing a committee which might suggest the forms of private knowledge that must be localised in India, IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw stated that the transfer is to create a central physique which works with different ministries and sectoral regulators to successfully implement native storage of knowledge with out inflicting any disruptions to the trade.
Key Factors to Ponder:
• Learn concerning the Information Safety Act, 2023 and draft Digital Private Information Safety Guidelines, 2025.
• What’s knowledge localisation?
• What are the problems and challenges related to knowledge localisation?
• How “vital knowledge fiduciaries” shall be decided?
• What’s the challenge of the Proper to privateness below the Information Safety Act?
• What measures needs to be taken to make sure knowledge privateness and cyber safety?
• What are the legal guidelines associated to knowledge governance in India?
• What are the challenges with regard to knowledge governance in India?
Key Takeaways:
• Information localisation, a bugbear for Huge Tech, that was faraway from the Information Safety Act, 2023, Friday made a comeback below the draft Digital Private Information Safety Guidelines, 2025. Information localisation pertains to measures that lead to proscribing knowledge stream inside a jurisdiction’s boundaries.
• The draft guidelines suggest that the Central Authorities will specify the type of private knowledge which could be processed by “vital knowledge fiduciaries” topic to the restriction that such private knowledge and site visitors knowledge associated to its stream is just not transferred outdoors the territory of India. A committee, to be fashioned by the federal government, will decide such knowledge.
• Whereas knowledge fiduciaries are firms and entities which accumulate and course of private knowledge, “vital knowledge fiduciaries” shall be decided on the idea of the quantity and sensitivity of non-public knowledge they course of, and the dangers they could have on sovereignty and integrity of India, electoral democracy, safety, and public order. All main tech firms together with Meta, Google, Apple, Microsoft, and Amazon are anticipated to be labeled as vital knowledge fiduciaries.
• Below the Information Safety Act cleared in August 2023, the federal government had stated it will merely notify the territories the place private knowledge of Indians can’t be taken to. This was seen as a giant win following immaculate lobbying efforts by the tech firms in opposition to a provision in an older model of the draft legislation which mandated strict localisation mandates.
• The understanding is that if sectoral regulators and ministries want to give you their very own necessities for native storage of sure sorts of non-public knowledge – like how the Reserve Financial institution requires for monetary knowledge – the committee may perform as a typical place of debate for the federal government and trade.
• The draft guidelines are essential for operationalising the Digital Private Information Safety Act, 2023, which is but to be carried out regardless of receiving the President’s assent greater than 16 months in the past.
• The draft guidelines additionally enable tech firms to implement a mechanism for accumulating “verifiable” parental consent earlier than processing private knowledge of kids. The draft guidelines additionally require that knowledge fiduciaries – firms and entities which accumulate and course of private knowledge – have to offer a transparent, standalone, and comprehensible discover to knowledge principals earlier than processing their knowledge.
Do You Know:
• India presently lacks a complete laws particularly addressing the difficulty of knowledge safety. The regulation of non-public knowledge utilization falls below the purview of the Info Know-how (IT) Act of 2000. The insufficiency of this framework in safeguarding private knowledge has been duly famous.
• Within the yr 2017, the central authorities established a Committee of Specialists on Information Safety, which was led by Justice B. N. Srikrishna. The first goal of this committee was to analyze and analyse issues pertaining to knowledge safety throughout the nation. The report was submitted by the Committee in July 2018.
• On August 9, 2023, the Rajya Sabha “unanimously” handed the Digital Private Information Safety Invoice (DPDP), 2023 and drew the curtains on a journey that started roughly a decade in the past. Within the course of, it has predictably provoked blended reactions.
• The Act declares that for the “safety of the state, upkeep of public order or stopping incitement to any cognisable offence regarding any of those, and the processing by the central authorities of any private knowledge that such instrumentality might furnish to it”, the state falls outdoors its scope.
Different Necessary Articles Protecting the identical subject:
📍Digital Private Information Safety Act: The speedbumps forward
📍The 360° UPSC Debate : Will Digital Private Information Safety Invoice violate privateness of residents?
Earlier yr UPSC Prelims/Mains Query Protecting comparable theme:
(5) ‘Proper to Privateness’ is protected below which Article of the Structure of India? (UPSC CSE 2021)
(a) Article 15
(b) Article 19
(c) Article 21
(d) Article 29
On Blinkit’s 10-minute ambulance service, govt’s ‘legislation of land’ warning
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Present occasions of nationwide significance and Governance
Mains Examination: Normal Research-III: Points regarding growth and administration regarding Well being
What’s the continuing story: A day after Zomato-owned fast commerce platform Blinkit stated it was launching a 10-minute ambulance service, Union Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal sounded warning that the agency must adhere to India’s “authorized necessities” whereas providing the service.
Key Factors to Ponder:
• Learn concerning the Nationwide Ambulance Providers (NAS) and Nationwide Well being Mission
• What’s the distinction between affected person transport automobiles (PTVs), superior life help (ALS), and primary life help (BLS)?
• Why India wants extra ambulances on its roads?
• What are the authorized necessities for working ambulance providers in India?
• Which explicit laws management ambulance design and development?
• What are the infrastructure and regulatory challenges pertaining to ambulance providers in India?
• What results will non-public firms’ introduction of ambulance providers have?
Key Takeaways:
• “As regards Blinkit with ambulance service or medicines being delivered, my solely submission could be that they must make it possible for they meet the legislation of the land, and no matter different authorized necessities needs to be correctly taken care of. No legal guidelines of the land needs to be damaged,” Goyal advised reporters Friday.
• Specialists stated that Blinkit’s authorized tasks embody guaranteeing that its ambulance is designed and constructed as per norms laid out by the Ministry of Highway Transport and Highways below the Central Motor Automobile Guidelines and the Automotive Trade Normal (AIS) 125, which outline the scale and structural integrity of the automobiles, amongst different issues. For ambulances supported by the Nationwide Well being Mission, the obligations of an ambulance operator rely on the memorandum of understanding between the operator and the state governments.
• The transfer of a serious non-public agency introducing ambulance providers raises issues across the state’s accountability for providing primary healthcare providers, even when it permits Blinkit to enhance its public notion. Specialists identified that there are regulatory gaps in imposing present pointers, aside from the issue of ambulance scarcity within the nation, which the federal government’s personal knowledge reveals.
• Notably, the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the stark shortages of ambulances internationally, together with in India, with folks in want of rapid medical care struggling to seek out an ambulance service to a hospital. Typically, the excessive price of securing ambulances in essential occasions additionally make them inaccessible for a number of folks.
• India’s ambulance providers vary from primary life help (BLS) to superior life help (ALS) items, that are designed for particular medical wants. BLS ambulances are extra helpful throughout easy emergencies because the items deal with primary methods like CPR, rescue breaths, and utilizing an Automated Exterior Defibrillator (AED) to stabilise and help life capabilities. ALS ambulances, then again, present superior medical interventions for critically ailing or injured sufferers, and are available outfitted with superior airway administration, IV entry, treatment administration, and superior cardiac life help.
• Affected person transport automobiles (PTVs), take a bigger share of the presently obtainable ambulances in India. These ambulances are usually used for non-emergency medical conditions, as they don’t have a lot of the superior programs current in an ALS ambulance. Nonetheless, the share of ALS ambulances wants to extend within the nation, to cut back trauma-related mortality throughout the crucial “golden hour” timeframe.
• The Ministry of Well being and Household Welfare has launched the Nationwide Ambulance Providers (NAS) below the NHM. As per the ministry, An ALS ambulance is supported for a mean inhabitants of 5 Lakh and a BLS ambulance is supported for over one lakh inhabitants. States are at liberty to suggest the variety of ambulances as per the norm to fill the hole.
Do You Know:
• As per knowledge obtainable with the Nationwide Well being Mission, India had solely 17,495 operational primary life help (BLS) ambulances till December 2023. The variety of superior life help ambulances was even decrease, with 3,441 such operational automobiles. The information additionally confirmed the broad regional disparity in ambulance availability, significantly within the north jap states, the place ALS ambulances are laborious to return by.
In your queries and solutions write at roshni.yadav@indianexpress.com
The Indian Specific UPSC Necessities brings to you the December challenge of its month-to-month journal. Click on Right here to learn. Share your views and solutions within the remark field or at manas.srivastava@indianexpress.com
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